Explain Different Types and Differences of Programming Languages and Differences

Topic: Explain Different Types of Programming Languages and Differences
What is a programming language?
Types of programming languages : Low level and high level programming languages with examples
Differences between low level and high level programming languages

What is a Programming Language?

A set of words, symbols and codes used to write programs is called programming language. Different programming languages are available for writing different types of programs.

Learn Programming now in easy steps from Perfect Programming Tutorial on EasyCodeBook.com

Explain different types of programming languages

With the help of computer language, a programmer tells a computer what to do. Some popular computer programming languages are C++, Java, Visual Basic etc. These are examples of high level programming languages. Whereas machine language and assembly language are called low level programming language.

Another Definition of a Programming Language

A programming language is a language that is designed to be used (read and written) by humans to create programs that can be executed by computers. In other words we can say that programming languages provides the way so that the users may interact with the computer to give it commands and instructions to perform certain tasks.

Types of Programming Languages

There are two main types of computer programming languages.
•    low-level languages
•    high-level languages.

Low Level Programming Languages

These languages are near to computer hardware and far from human languages. Computer can understand these languages easily.

Following are two low-level languages:
•     Machine Language
•     Assembly Language

Machine Language

A computer language in which instructions are written in binary form (0 and 1) is called machine language. It is the only language that is directly understood by the computer. Machine language is the native language of computer.

A computer language in which instructions are written in binary form (0 and 1) is called machine language. It is the only language that is directly understood by the computer.

Advantages of  Machine Languages

a)    Very fast program execution: Because the machine language is the native language of computer that computers directly understand and execute. There is no need of a translator program, because computer can already understand and execute the machine language instructions directly without the need of translation.  

Disadvantages of  Machine Languages:

a)    Machine Language is difficult to understand
b)    Machine Language is difficult to learn
c)    Programs of Machine Language are difficult to modify
d)    Machine Language requires deep knowledge of hardware
e)    Programs of Machine Language are difficult to remove errors
f)    Programs of Machine Language are Machine dependent
Machine language is also known as first generation language.

 Assembly Language

Assembly Language Example Code

Assembly language is a low-level language. In assembly language, symbols are used instead of binary code. These symbols are easy to remember. For example Add instruction is used to add two numbers.
Assembly language is also known as second generation language

Advantages of Assembly Langauge:

a) Assembly language programs are executed with fast speed
b) Assembly language programming is easier to learn, understand and modify than machine language
Disadvantages:
a)    Assembly language programs are machine dependent
b)    Assembly language programming requires deep knowledge of hardware

 High Level Programming Languages

A type of language that is close to human languages is called high level language. High-level languages are easy to understand. Instructions of these languages are written in English-like words e.g. Print, Display, Write etc.

  Examples of High Level Programming Languages

• COBOL
• BASIC
• PASCAL
• C Programming Langage
• C++
• JAVA
• Visual Basic

 

Advantages of High Level Programming Languages:

a) High Level Programming Languages are Easy to learn and understand
b) Programs written in High Level Programming Languages are Easy to modify
c) It is Easy to remove errors in the Programs written in High Level Programming Languages
d) Programs written in High Level Programming Languages are Machine independent
e) High Level Programming Languages have Better documentation

Disadvantages of High Level Programming Languages

a) A disadvantage of High Level Programming Languages is slower program execution.
b) High Level Programming Languages provide programming facilities for performing Certain operations.

An Introduction To High Level Programming Languages

FORTRAN

FORTRAN stands for FORmula TRANslation. It is mainly used for writing applications related to science and engineering fields.

BASIC

BASIC stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It was invented in late 1960's to teach programming skills to students.

COBOL

COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. It was especially designed for business applications.

C Language

C Language is one of the most popular programming language among students and beginners in the field of computer programming. C Language was designed by Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell Labs in 1972. Sometimes C Language is called a middle level language because it provides facilities to develop application software as well as system software. So C Language combines some important qualities of a high level language and a low level programming language.

Difference between Low-level and High-level Programming Language

High-level Language	Low-level Language
1.   High-level languages are easy to learn	1. Low-level languages are difficult to learn.
2.   near to human languages.	2, far from human languages.
3.    Programs in high-level languages are slow in execution.	3. Programs in low-level languages are fast in execution.
4.    Programs in high-level languages are easy to modify.	4. Programs   in   low-level   languages   are difficult to modify.
5.    Deep   knowledge   of hardware   is  not required to write programs.	5. Deep knowledge of hardware is required to write programs.

Topic: Explain Different Types of Programming Languages and Differences What is a programming language? Types of programming languages : Low level and high level programming languages with examples Differences between low level and high level programming languages

How To Unsubscribe Utunes Service of Ufone

Today, We will discuss the simple and easy way to unsubscribe the Utunes Service of Ufone. Remember, Utunes service will cost you at the rate of  Rs. 1.55 daily.

easy way to unsubscribe the Utunes Service of Ufone

I was using the mobile phone of my son when I saw an SMS message from Ufone Hisaab SMS. The message was in Urdu language and it was informing the cost of Utunes Service Rs. 1.55 per day. The message of Hisaab SMS is shown in the following figure:

 What is Utunes Sevice

 With Ufone UTunes service your friends and family can listen to your favorite tunes every time they call you. You can select a UTune from the content library.

I think Utunes is one of the most useless services of Ufone that is costly too. So I tried to find the solution for deactivation of Utunes service instantly.

How To Unsubscribe / Deactivate Utunes Service

• Type a new message "UNSUB" and send it to the number 666.
•  You will recieve a message from Ufone 666 as shown in the following figure, if you are lucky enough.
•  Otherwise you can call the Ufone help line 333 and ask the person to unsubscribe the Utune service from your number. Normally the person on 333 Ufone Help Desk will ask you that he/she is sending the procedure to unsubscribe / deactivate the Utunes Service. But you must insist so that deactivates the Utune service himself

Here I will provide you with the easy way to unsubscribe Ufone utunes service. I think Utunes is one of the most useless services of Ufone that is costly too. So I tried to find the solution for deactivation of Utunes service instantly. Learn how to unsubscribe utunes service with the help of pictures.

How Functions are Used in Excel Fast and Easy Way 3

What is a Function in Microsoft Excel?

Microsoft Excel provides a large number of Functions for processing data in Excel Worksheets easily. Functions are predefined formulas in Excel. These functions are used in different types of calculations on numerical or other data  quickly.

How a Function is Used in Microsoft Excel?

There are three popular ways to use built-in functions in Microsoft Excel.

1. Type Functions Manually
2. Use Function Library Commands
3. Use Insert Function Dialogue Box

Other Microsoft Excel Topics on www.ComputerGap.com 

Microsoft Excel Formulas and Functions Fast and Easy Way -1

Using Simple Formulas in Excel With Arithmetic Operators 2

How Functions are Used in Excel Fast and Easy Way 3

Create Bar Chart in Excel Easily by Example

Employee Pay sheet Formulas in Microsoft Excel 

Students Test Score Grades Result Sheet in Excel

Electricity Bill Calculator Formulas in Excel 
 

Microsoft Office Word Processing Practicals

1. Type Functions Manually

You can type a function manually in the required cell. First of all press Equal key from keyboard. Then start typing function name, for example, type SUM. A formula autocomplete list box will be displayed. Press TAB key when SUM is selected in the autocomplete formula list box. Type cell reference of first cell, suppose A1, type a colon ( : ). Type the cell reference of the last cell, suppose A4 as shown in the figure. Press Enter. You will see the result 100 in this cell.

How Functions are used in Microsoft Excel Quick and Easy Way 3

A function is used by its name and providing some arguments to the function. The arguments are the necessary data values for calculation. Moreover, there is an EQUAL sign before every function name.

Notes on Microsoft Excel Functions - SUM function

General Syntax of a Function in Microsoft Excel

=FunctionName(Argument1, Argument2,...)
Arguments can be numbers in mathematical functions or cell references etc. If the cell references are used the syntax becomes
=FunctionName(CellRef1:CellRef2)
where CellRef1 represents the cell reference of the first cell in the range and CellRef2 represents the cell reference of the last cell in the range. For example in the given figure,
=SUM(A1:A4)

2. Use Function Library Commands

Another way to insert a function in a cell is to use the icons in the Formulas each of which is a drop-down control.

When you select a function from one of these lists, Excel displays its Function Arguments dialog box to help you enter arguments. The rest of the procedure is the same as in first method.

Notes on using Microsoft Excel Functions

3. Use Insert Function Dialogue Box

Notes on using Microsoft Excel Functions - How to Use Insert Function Dialog Box in Microsoft Excel

Using the Insert Function dialog box ensures that you spell the function correctly and that it contains the proper number of arguments in the correct order. Select a suitable category of the function, for example, if you want to use SUM function then it will be found in Math & Trig category of functions. Search and select the function SUM and click on OK button. Now Function arguments dialog box will open, type suitable arguments.

To insert a function, select the function from the Insert Function dialog box, as shown in Figure

You access this dialog box by

• Choosing Formulas, Function Library,Insert Function
• Choosing Formulas,Function Library, AutoSum, and then clicking More Functions in the

drop-down list

       In Function Arguments dialog box, you can enter the cell reference of first cell and a colon ( : ) and the cell reference of the last cell to add all the numbers in the cells between these two cells including, as shown in the figure. After giving argument values click on Ok button and the result 100 will be shown in the required cell.

Microsoft Excel Formulas and Functions Fast and Easy Way -1

Using Simple Formulas in Excel With Arithmetic Operators 2

How Functions are Used in Excel Fast and Easy Way 3

Create Bar Chart in Excel Easily by Example

Employee Pay sheet Formulas in Microsoft Excel 

Students Test Score Grades Result Sheet in Excel

Electricity Bill Calculator Formulas in Excel 
 

Microsoft Office Word Processing Practicals

Using Simple Formulas in Excel With Arithmetic Operators-2

What are Arithmetic Operators in Excel?

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division etc. There are following arithmetic operators in Microsoft Excel:

Using Arithmetic / Mathematical Operators in MS Excel Formulas

1.  + Operator

The + arithmetic operator is used to perform addition of numbers. It is used with in formulas along with Cell References normally. For example, to add the number 10 in A1 cell and the number 20 in B1 cell, we can write a formula =A1+B1 in cell C1. After pressing Enter key we will see the answer 30 in the cell C1.

Important Points To Write a Simple Formula in Excel

1. Every formula in Microsoft Excel is started with an Equal sign ( = ).
2. Arithmetic operators (+ for addition, - for subtraction, * for multiplication, / for division) are used.
3. Percentage is calculated by % operator. ( =B2*10%       means 10% of the number in cell B2)
4. Power function is performed by ^ operator. (3^2 will give 9) 

2.  - Operator

The - arithmetic operator is used to perform subtraction of numbers. It is used with in formulas along with Cell References normally. For example, to subtract the number 100 in B1 cell from the number 50 in A1 cell, we can write a formula =B1-A1 in cell C1. After pressing Enter key we will see the answer 50 in the cell C1.

3.  * Operator

The * arithmetic operator is used to perform multiplication of numbers. It is used with in formulas along with Cell References normally.

For example, to multiply the number 10 in A1 cell with the number 20 in B1 cell, we can write a formula =A1*B1 in cell C1. After pressing Enter key we will see the answer 200 in the cell C1.

4.  / Operator

The / arithmetic operator is used to perform division of numbers and gives quotient of the division. It is used with in formulas along with Cell References normally.

 For example, to divide the number 10 in A1 cell by the number 5 in B1 cell, we can write a formula =A1/B1 in cell C1. After pressing Enter key we will see the answer 2 in the cell C1.

5. % Operator

The % arithmetic operator is used to calculate percentage. It is used with in formulas along with Cell References normally.

For example, to calculate the 10 % of the number 1000 in A1 cell, we can write a formula =A1*10% in cell B1. We will read the formula =A1*10% as "10% of A1" means 10% of the number in cell A1. After pressing Enter key we will see the answer 100 in the cell B1.

6.  ^ Operator  (Exponent operator or Power operator)

The ^ arithmetic operator is used to calculate a number n raised to the power p. For example 2^3 is equal to 8 ( 2 raised to the power 3).
 
It is used with in formulas along with Cell References normally. For example, to calculate 2 raised to the power 3, type 2 in Cell A1 and 3 in cell B1. Now we can write a formula =A1^B1 in cell C1. After pressing Enter key we will see the answer 8 in the cell C1.

Order of Precedence of Arithmetic Operators in Excel

Order of precedence means the order in which operations will be performed when evaluating an expression in Microsoft Excel.

1. First of all the operation in parentheses ( ) is performed if any. If nested parentheses exist in expression, then the inner most parentheses will be evaluated first.
2. Secondly, Exponents will be evaluated if any.
3. In third step, multiplications and divisions will be calculated from left to right order.
4. In fourth step, additions and subtractions will be performed in Left to Right order.

Example: Evaluate the following expression according to the order of precedence in Excel
               =A1*B1-C1*(20+3)

Solution:  Let A1=10,   B1=5,    C1=2
            
               Step 1. First of all parentheses (20+3) is evaluated to 23
                             Now expression becomes  =A1*B1-C1*23
              Step 2. Now there is no exponents, so we check multiplication and division. There are
                          two multiplication operators. Since A1*B1 is on left so we evaluate it by putting values
                          10*5 the answer is 50. Therefore expression is reduced to =50-C1*23
              Step 3. Now we will evaluate multiplication C1*23. Putting values 2*23 and the answer is
                          46. So the expression becomes  50-46.
              Step 4. Now we will evaluate the last operation of subtraction 50-46 which gives the answer 4.
   
                                 

Microsoft Excel Formulas and Functions Fast and Easy Way -1

Introduction

Using Formulas and Functions in Microsoft Excel is really a tough job for new students. This is a series of tutorials to make the use of Formulas and Functions in worksheets, easy with various real life example worksheets.
مائیکروسافٹ ایکسل میں فارمولوں اور فنکشنزکا استعمال نئے طلبا کے لیے ہمیشہ سے ایک مسئلہ رہا ہے۔ میری کوشش ہے کہ فارمولا اور فنکشن کا ٹاپک پریکٹیکلی اور پکچرز کے ساتھ تفصیل سے بیان کروں۔

Let,s start.

What is Microsoft Excel?

Microsoft Excel is a popular application software used to manage data in the form of rows and columns and using Excel formulas and built-in Excel functions to perform various calculations on these data. Microsoft Excel is a part of Microsoft Office. We can make different types of worksheets in Excel, for example:

1. Employee Pay Sheet
2. Student Test Score Result Sheet with Grades Calculation
   
3. Simple Electricity Bill Calculation Formula

What is an Excel Formula?

Excel Formula is a proper combination of operators (like +, -, /, *) and operands. A formula is used to perform different types of calculations and gives result. For example a formula to add numbers in cells A1 and A2 will be typed as =A1+A2.
Note: +, -, / and * are called arithmetic operators in Excel to calculate addition, subtraction, division and multiplication respectively.
Note: A1 and A2 are the Cell References of two cells in worksheet. A1 represents the cell in Row number 1 of Column A Whereas A2 represents the cell in Row number 2 of Column A.

Using Microsoft Excel Formulas and Functions Fast and Easy Way ComputerGap.com

 What is a Cell Reference?

A Cell Reference is a special Reference Number made by combining Column name and Row Number. Actually a Cell Reference is used to access contents of a cell within a formula. For example, "A1" is an example of Cell Reference. "A" is taken from column name and "1" is taken from Row number. Therefore the intersection cell of column A and Row number 1 is called "A1". Look at the above picture to understand the concept of Cell Reference and how it is made.

How To Use a Cell Reference in a Formula?

Start Microsoft Excel with a new blank workbook. Type 100 in cell A1 and 200 in Cell B1. Now you want to add the two numbers typed in the cell A1 and B1 respectively.

How to enter Excel Formula for Adding two numbers by cell references

You must enter a formula using Cell References of both these cells. Every formula in Excel can be started with an equal sign  =. Now type "=" then type cell reference A1. Type + operator ( by pressing Shift and equal to key together ). Now type cell reference B1. Press Enter key. The result of addition will be displayed in cell C1 which is 300.

Result of addition formula using cell references -Using Microsoft Excel Formulas and Functions Fast and Easy Way ComputerGap.com

Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN Local Area Network

Topic: Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN Local Area Network

What is LAN ? - Local Area Network

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It normally connects the computers and other devices within one office, building or a group of nearby buildings.

Advantages Disadvantages of LAN - Local Area Network

Advantages of LAN or Local Area Network

1. Resource Sharing

Computer hardware resources like printers, modems, DVD-Rom drives and hard disks can be shared with the help of local area networks. This will reduce cost of hardware purchases. For example, a business organization using a Local Area Network for an office can use a single network printer for the employees of this office.

2. Software Applications Sharing

It is cheaper to use same software over network instead of purchasing separate licensed software for each client in a network. It will cost more to purchase a separate licensed software for each computer in a network.

3. Easy and Cheap Communication

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Data and messages can easily be transferred over networked computers. It saves a lot of time and money.

4. Centralized Data

The data of all network users can be saved on hard disk of the server computer. This will help users to use any workstation in a network to access their data. Because data is not stored on workstations locally. But it is stored on a server computer. User will access their own data by logging into their accounts from any client computer in the network.

5. Data Security

Since, data is stored on server computer centrally, it will be easy to manage data at only one place and the data will be more secure too, because of more security for the server computer.

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6. Internet Sharing

Local Area Network provides the facility to share a single internet connection among all the LAN users. In Net Cafes, single internet connection sharing system keeps the internet expenses cheaper. Because only one high speed internet connection is purchased by a net cafe from any ISP - Internet Service Provider company.

This single high speed internet connection is managed on the server computer of the Net Cafe and available for all network clients with the help of Internet Connection Sharing facilities of the operating system.

Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN Local Area Network

Disadvantages of LAN or Local Area Network

1. High Setup Cost

Although the LAN will save cost over time due to shared computer resources but the initial setup costs of installing Local Area Networks is high. This is because any organization that will setup a network, will have to purchase necessary hardware equipment for networking.

It may require a sophisticated server computer - a Mini Computer, Network LAN cards, Network Routers, HUBS / Switches, Networking Cables (for wired networks only) and connectors etc. Additionally a Network technician will be required for setting up a new network in an organization.

If an organization has a large network, it must hire a network administrator for smooth running of network and solving any problems. 

2. Privacy Violations

 The LAN administrator has the rights to check personal data files of each and every LAN user. Moreover he can check the internet history and computer use history of the LAN users.

3. Data Security Threat

Unauthorized users can access important data of an organization if centralized data repository is not secured properly by the LAN administrator. LAN Administer is responsible for the security of the whole data resource in an organization.

LAN administrator will implement a fully functional security policy for database safety.

4. LAN Maintenance Job

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Local Area Network requires a LAN Administrator. Because, there are problems of software installations or hardware failures or cable disturbances in Local Area Network. A LAN Administrator is needed at this full time job.

A LAN Administrator may be with an M.C.S. or B.S.C.S. degree holder person optionally with a course / diploma in networking field or with relative experience in the field.

5. Covers Limited Area

Local Area Network covers a small area like one office, one building or a group of nearby buildings.