Uses Of Computer In Science

Today, computers are being used in every field of life. Here we discuss Uses of Computers in Science:

Six Uses of Computers in Science

Data Collection

Uses of Computers in Science

Scientists use computers to collect data and make hypotheses on the basis of collected data.

Analysis and Testing Of Data

Scientists use computers to analyze collected data and test their hypotheses.

Exchanging Information

Scientists use computers to exchange information with their colleagues. Different Researches all over the world can share their research with one another. This will be helpful for research because this will increase the rate of completion of research projects.

Simulation of Different Events

Scientists may use computers for simulation of complex events. For example, they can use computer simulation to predict about the affects of earthquake on buildings in a particular area. They may use computer simulation to know the effects of rapid population increase on weather conditions. In fact, computer simulation of such complex events will save time as well as cost. Computer simulation can also provide a feasible solution to many problems.

Use Of Computer in Medical Science

Uses of Computers by scientists in Science

 

Computers may also be used to simulate the functions of parts of human body. For example, computers may simulate cell division, internal structure of molecules, a virus or bacteria attack etc.

Uses of Computer in Space Science

Computers are playing an important role to explore the outer space. The computers are mostly used to collect space data, perform experiments and prepare results. Computers are used to operate certain machines and robots to collect information from space and send it back on earth.

Further Suggested Reading:

Introduction To Computer
1.1 What is Computer
1.2 What are Characteristics of Computer
1.3 What are the basic units or components of a computer
1.4 What are Different Types of Computer
1.5 Write a note on Classification of Computers
1.6 What are the basic operations of a computer
1.7 Explain The Concept of A Computer System
1.8 What are uses of computer at Home
1.9 Uses Of Computer in Business Organizations
1.10 Uses Of Computer In Education Field
1.11 Uses Of Computer in Medical Field
1.12 Uses Of Computer In Industry
1.13 Uses Of Computer In Science
1.14 Differentiate between Analog and Digital Computers

Explain Main Difference Between System Software and Application Software

Topic: Explain Main Difference Between System Software and Application Software

           Differentiate between system software and application software

Before , explaining the main differences between application software and system software, let us know the definitions of Application software and System software with examples.

What is System Software:

System software is a set of programs to control all components of computer and to manage overall operations of computer system.

Differences between System software and application software

System software is used as a base to install and run all application software.

Examples of system software include:

1. Operating Systems, like Microsoft Windows, DOS, Unix and Linux
2. Device Drivers like Device driver software of a Printer (found on CD normally provided with the printer)
3. Utility Programs like AVAST anti virus, Disk Scanners and File Viewers etc.

What is Application Software?

Users can use Application Software to perform different applications on computer. Application Software generally performs a specific task for a computer user.

Examples of Application software include:

1. Wordprocessors like Microsoft Word
2. Spreadsheet Software like MS Excel
3. Database software like Microsoft Access etc.

Six Differences between System Software and Application Software

System Software	Application Software
1. It is a set of programs to control computer components and operations.	1. It is used to solve particular problems of user.
2.  It is general-purpose software.	2. It is specific purpose software.
3. It executes all the time in computer. Because it controls overall operations and components of computer.	3. It executes as and when required. For example, if we need to write a letter, we will open Microsoft Word - an application software. And after we have written and printed the letter, we will close Microsoft Word.
4. The number of system software is less than application software.	4. The number of application software is much more than system software.
5. System software is essential for a computer to work. Without System software (like operating systems), a computer is useless. We cannot use computer hardware without system software. That is why we install an operating system first of all, after buying a new computer.	5. Application software is not essential for a computer to work. For example, if we need to play some games then we buy a game CD or download games from internet, and install in our computer.
6. Examples are: Windows, Dos, Unix, Linux, Norton Antivirus etc.	6. Examples are: MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power point etc.

You may also like:

• Discuss Differences Between RAM and ROM
• System Software and Application Software:Differences
• Differences Between Data and Information
• Differences between LAN and WAN
• CRT Monitors and Flat-panel LCD Monitors Differences
• Difference Between Electronic Market and IOS
• Difference Between Debit Card and Credit Card 

Topic: Explain Main Difference Between System Software and Application Software

           Differentiate between system software and application software

Customized and Packaged Software

 

Q. Explain Customized software and Packaged software.

a) Customized Software

Customized software is a type of application software that is designed for a particular customer or organization. When packaged software does not fulfill needs of an organization then a programmer / software developer / software engineer is hired. The programmer will develop needed custom software for that organization according to the organizations specific needs and requirements.
Student Information software developed for Govt. Post Graduate College of Commerce, Rahim Yar Khan is an example of customized software.  It will be used to store all related data about students, admissions and examinations etc.

b) Packaged Software

Packaged software is a type of application software that is developed for sale to the general public. It is also known as off-the-shelf software or Pre-Written software. It facilitates the people to perform day-to-day activities. Examples of packaged software are word processing software and spread sheet software.
For example, Microsoft Office is a packaged software. Microsoft Office is a set of different application software like Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access and Microsoft Power Point.

Define Web Server, Web Browser, WWW, ISP

Q. Write notes on the following:
WWW, ISP, WEB PAGE, WEB SITE, WEB SERVER, WEB BROWSER

WWW

WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is also called web. It is the collection of all connected web documents stored on different web servers. These documents contain information in the form of text, pictures, audio and video clips. WWW has many advantages:
· finding a job
· searching information
· advertisement for business
· weather forecast
· entertainment
· education

Difference between Internet and World wide web:

The main difference between internet and World Wide web is that World Wide Web is only a service provided by internet. It provides access to web documents. While internet provides many other services also like FTP, TELNET and chatting etc.

ISP (Internet Service Provider) OR IAP (Internet Access Provider

ISP stands for internet service provider. It is a company that provides internet connections to users. For example WOL net, PAK net, CYBER net etc. are ISPs. To connect to internet, users have to get internet connection from an ISP. These days, internet scratch cards are also available. ISP will provide you a user name, password. It will also provide a telephone number to connect to internet.
There are many ISPs these days in every big city of the country. A good ISP has the following features:
· Low rate
· Fast browsing
· Fast downloading and uploading
· Good customer support

WEB PAGE

A document created by HTML and found on web is a web page. A web page contains information in the form of text, pictures, audio and video clips. These web pages are stored on special computers called WEB SERVERS.

WEB SITE

A collection of related and interlinked web pages is called a web site. A web site may have many pages. Each web page will provide different information. For example, a web site for a College can have a Home page, Faculty page, Courses page, Games page and contact page. Home page is the main page of any web site. We can see all other pages by links provided in home page. Each web site has a unique address. For example web address of Baha-ud-din Zakaria University is www.bzu.edu.pk.

WEB SERVER

Web documents are stored on special and powerful computers called WEB SERVERS. Web servers are permanently connected to internet. When we type address of a web site in a browser (internet explorer), then web server fulfills this request. They provide requested information in the form of web page.

WEB BROWSER

A browser is software that is used to view web pages on internet. Many web browsers are available. But Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome and Internet explorer are the most popular. We type address of any web site in address bar of browser and press ENTER key. Then first page called HOME PAGE of web site is displayed in browser window.

Fundamentals of Data Processing - For Test, Interview and Viva

Q.1 Define Data and Information. Differentiate between Data and Information.

DATA

Data is the collection of raw facts and figures. It is without any proper meaning.
Data may be collection of words, numbers, graphics or sounds.

Examples of Data

1) When students get admission in a college. They fill admission form. This form contains raw facts (data of student) like name, father’s name, address of student etc.
2) During census, data of all citizens is collected.

INFORMATION

Processed data is called information. When raw facts and figures are arranged in some order then they become information. Information has proper meanings. Information is useful in decision-making. Actually we process data to convert it into information.

Exapmle of Information:

1) Stored data of students can be used to print address labels of students.
2) Census data is used to get report/information about total population of a country and literacy rate etc.

Q.2 Describe types of Data.

There are followimg types of Data.
1) NUMERIC DATA:Numeric data consists of 0 to 9 digits, + and – sign and decimal point etc.
For example, 10, 78, 90.50, -56 etc
2) ALPHABETIC DATA
It consists of all alphabetic letters A to Z, a to z and blank space etc. For example, Pakistan, Ahmad, Abdul Rahim, GCC , RYK, Ahmad etc.
3) ALPHANUMERIC DATA
It consists of alphabet letters, digits and special characters like #, $, % etc.
For example, House Number 10-A, 14-August-1947, F-16 etc.
4) GRAPHIC DATA
Graphic data or image data consists of charts, graphs and images etc. For example a collection of maps of countries, a collection of family pictures etc.
5) AUDIO DATA
Audio data consists of sounds and voices. For example audio naat, radio program, radio news
VIDEO DATA:Video data consists of moving pictures. For example movie, TV dram, TV news etc.
6) MIXED DATA:Mixed data consists of combined data of two or more types. For example, TV drama consists of audio as well as video data.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION

	DATA	INFORMATION
1	Data is collection of raw facts and figures.	Information is processed data.
2	Data is not arranged.	Information is arranged.
3	Data is unorganized.	Information is organized.
4	Data is not so meaningful.	Information is Meaningful.
5	Data is input.	Information is out put.

Q.3 Define data processing and explain types of data processing.

DATA PROCESSING

Data processing is the sequence of operations performed on data to convert it into useful information. These operations may be arithmetic, statistical or logical operations. We can arrange or classify data.

TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING (OR) LEVELS OF DATA PROCESSING)

There are three types of data processing.

1) Manual data processing

In manual data processing data is processed manually. No machine or tool is used.
All the calculations on data are performed manually. This is a slow method and errors may occur..

2)Mechanical Data Processing

In mechanical data processing data is processed with calculators or other mechanical devices. This method is faster and more accurate than manual data processing.

3) Electronic data processing

It is the latest method of data processing. Data is processed with computer

Q.4 Describe how data is transformed into information. OR Explain Data Processing Cycle.

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

After collecting data, it is processed to convert into information. The data is processed again and again until accurate result is achieved. This is called data processing cycle. Data processing cycle involves following three basic activities: 1) Input 2)Processing 3) Output

Q.5 What is the need of Data processing in business?

NEED OF DATA PROCESSING IN BUSINESS
There is no more business without information. To improve the business there is a need to improve data processing and information system. The need of data processing in business is clear. Following are the reasons:
RECORD KEEPING , ACCESSING RECORDS , COMMUNICATION, COST, SPEED, ACCURACY, REPORTS

Computer Networks - Test Interview Viva Voce

Q1. Define Network with example. Give importance of computer network.

 

COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer network is a set of two or more computers connected together to share information and other resources. The computers in a network can share:

1. Data, information  and Files
   
2. Resources (printers, Cd-Rom Drives, DVD- Rom Drives, CD- Writers, hard disk, modems)
   
3. Programs / software
   

EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

1. 
   Computer network can be used in an organization's office. Different employees and managers in the office and organization can share common information.
   
2. 
   Internet, is also an example of a computer network. Internet is a network of millions of computers connected through phone lines. People can share information, files and talk with one another through internet.
   
3. 
   Internet cafe also uses computer network for internet sharing on all computers.
   
4. 
   A Computer laboratory in a school or college may use local area network for sharing data and other reources like printers, Cd-Rom drives or hard disks etc.
   

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

Following are some important advantages of computer networks:

1. 
   Information Sharing
   Data and information can be shared by many users.
   

   Hardware Sharing

2. Hardware Resources like printer, scanner, CD-ROM drive and hard disk can also be shared.
   
3. Money Saving
   We can save a lot of money by using the same software and hardware in a network.
   
4. Easy and Fast Communication
   We can send and receive emails and share files with other people in the company or in any part of the world through network or internet.
   

Q2. Explain different types of computer networks: (LAN,WAN,MAN).

Main types of computer networks are: 1. LAN - Local-Area Network 2. WAN - Wide-Area Network 3. MAN - Metropolitan-Area Network

LAN (Local Area Network)

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It covers a small area. Most LANs are used to connect computers in a single building or group of buildings. Examples: Following are two examples of LAN: • LAN is used in a computer lab to connect computers. The students can share software, files and data in the lab. • In Internet cafe, many computers can be connected through LAN. These computers can share single connection of Internet.

2)WAN (Wide Area Network)

WAN stands for wide area network. It covers a large area. WAN connects computers in different cities, countries and continents. Computers in WAN are often connected through telephone lines. The largest WAN is the Internet. Examples of WAN • In air ticketing system like PIA, many offices can be joined together using WAN. A person can get a ticket from any office in the country. • A bank with many branches in different cities can connect its branches through WAN. The customer can use his account from any branch.

3)MAN (Metropolitan-Area Network)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that covers an area of the size of a city. Example: Mobile phones systems often use MAN.

Q3. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.

The differences between LAN and WAN is as follows:

LAN		WAN
1.	LAN is used to connect computers at one place.		WAN is used to connect computers anywhere in the world.
2.	LAN covers limited area.		WAN can cover more area.
3.	Data transfer speed is very fast in LAN.		Data transfer speed is slow in WAN.

Computer Internet Test Interview Viva Voce

Q.1 What is internet?

            Internet is the network of networks around the world. It is made up of thousands of smaller networksInternet provides following main facilities:  ·  E- mail                    ·   Chat           ·Searching  jobs    ·       Advertising for business            ·E-commerce     ·Searching information

Q.2 Define :WWW, ISP, WEB PAGE, WEB SITE, WEB SERVER, WEB BROWSER

WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is also called web. It is the collection of all connected web documents stored on different web servers. WWW has many advantages:

· finding a job    ·      searching information ·          e-commerce · education

· advertisement for business   ·         weather forecast  ·     entertainment

ISP stands for internet service provider. It is a company that provides internet connections to users. For example WOL net, PAK net, CYBER net etc. are ISPs.

WEB PAGE:      A document created by HTML and found on web is a web page. A web page contains information in the form of text, pictures, audio and video clips.

WEB SITE:       A collection of related and interlinked web pages is called a web site. A web site may have many pages. Each web site has a unique address called URL. For example URL of Baha-ud-din Zakaria University is www.bzu.edu.pk.

WEB SERVER:Web documents are stored on special and powerful computers called WEB SERVERS. They provide requested information in the form of web page.

WEB BROWSER

            A browser is software that is used to view web pages on internet. Many web browsers are available. But Internet explorer and Netscape navigator are the most popular. Q.3 Write notes on the following:

            INTERNET PROTOCOL, URL, DOMAIN NAME, E-MAIL, E-MAIL ADDRESS

INTERNET PROTOCOL

Internet protocol is the set of rules and procedures used for communication on internet. Commonly used protocols are as following:

·                TCP/IP  It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol. It is used to exchange information between web servers and browsers.

·  FTP stands for file transfer protocol. It is used to transfer files on internet easily and quickly.

·                HTTP  It stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is used to exchange web pages between web servers and browsers

URL

It stands for uniform resource locator. It is the web address of a web page or a file on internet. For example:

http://www.bzu.edu.pk

DOMAIN NAME

Domain name is a unique name given to a website. This name is linked to a web server where the website is stored. Internet users access your website using your domain name.

A domain name has two or more parts separated by dots, for example:

www.savings.gov.pk

Domain names consist of a top-level domain [TLD](such as .com, .org, and .net) .

E-MAIL:            E-mail stands for electronic mail. Email is an electronic message sent or received through internet. We send our textual messages by email from country to country.

E-MAIL ADDRESS

            E-mail address is a string that identifies a user so that the user can receive Internet e-mail. E-mail address is unique for every user. General format of an email address is as following:

User ID@Email service provider , for example,

m8@wol.net.pk,mahmoodalam786@yahoo.com ,mahmoodalam786@hotmail.com,

Q.4 Write notes on the following:

            FTP, BANDWIDTH, IP ADDRESS, HTML

FTP

            FTP stands for file transfer protocol. It is used to transfer files on internet easily and quickly

BANDWIDTH

            The data transfer capacity, or speed of transmission, of a digital communications system is called BANDWIDTH.

IP ADDRESS

It is a short for Internet Protocol address. This address is a unique string of numbers that identifies a computer connected to Internet

HTML

It stands for HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE. It is the language to create and format web pages.

Q.5 What is a search engine, how you can search information on internet?

SEARCH ENGINE

            Internet contains very large amount of information. So it becomes difficult to search some information on internet. To find required information easily and quickly, Search Engine is provided by many websites. Following is a list of popular search engines:

1.         GOOGLE

Google is the most popular search engine. Its address is www.google.com.

2.         YAHOO

It is also a popular search engine. Its address is www.yahoo.com.

3.         ALTAVISTA

Its web address is www.altavista.com.

Q.6 What are ISP EMAIL ACCOUNT (POP3) AND FREE WEB SERVER

EMAIL ACCOUNT? OR Explain different types of email accounts.

There two main types of email accounts:

1) ISP email account   or POP3 email account

ISP or POP3 email account is provided by an ISP. It is generally requires email software like MS outlook express.

2) Web-based Email Account

            On the other hand, there are also many organizations on internet that provide free web based email accounts. These are also called free web server email accounts, for example www.yahoo.com, www.hotmail.com, www.gmail.com

Q.7 What is the difference between ISP MAIL ACCOUNT AND FREE WEB SERVER EMAIL ACCOUNT?

Sr.No.	Web based(free)	Pop3 (ISP)
1	It is provided by companies like yahoo and Hotmail	It is provided by different ISPs like Paknet, Wolnet etc
2	It is totally free	It is not freely available by ISP

Q.8 What are the services provided by internet?

SERVICES PROVIDED BY INTERNET     1.        THE WORLD WIDE WEB    2.    E-MAIL   3.       EMAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS  4.     NEWSGROUPS    5.      ECOMMERCE  6.           FTP    7.           chat

Q.9 What are the advantages and disadvantages of internet?

ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET

Following are the main advantages of internet:

1.   THE WORLD WIDE WEB

This is also called web or www or 3w. The collection of all web pages in all web sites on internet is called www. These web pages provide us information.

2.   E-MAIL:E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is the most popular, cheap, easy and fastest mailing service. We can send and receive messages on internet with in seconds.

3.   NEWSGROUPS:Newsgroups are discussion groups on internet. They are used for free exchange of information.

4.   MAILING LISTS:Mailing lists provide information to the users on the selected topics through email. Mailing lists are maintained by different companies.

5.   ONLINE BANKING

Several banks are online now. So we can manage our bank accounts on internet. Due to online banking, money is transferred from one city or country to another within seconds or minutes.

DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET

1. HACKING

Hackers access the important information and programs and may destroy it. Hackers try to get password of internet users and then access important information.

2. COMPUTER VIRUS

Computer virus is a program developed for some destructive purpose. Computer virus can destroy your data or software. Virus enters into your computer by internet, floppy disc, CD or USB flash memory drive. Antivirus software like Norton Antivirus and  Mcafee  Antivirus are used to find and remove virus.

3. WASTAGE OF TIME

There are so many interesting facilities on internet. So people use internet for several hours. In this way valuable time is wasted.

Q.10 What is a web browser?

Web browser is software that is used to access information available on internet. It is used to view web pages. The most popular web browsers are Microsoft internet explorer and Firefox

Q.11 Write down notes on the following:   1) Downloading 2) Uploading

Downloading is to receive data from a remote system, such as a website, FTP server, or other similar systems. We can download data in the form of files from internet. Uploading means to  send data from our computer to a remote system such as web site on internet.